>> /Image89 71 0 R To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. %PDF-1.5 [/ICCBased 9 0 R] >> <> % It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs Would a national retail sales tax simplify the tax code? /Contents 43 0 R Cover cost to serve where possible. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] . revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. 7 It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? 2 0 obj Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? >> /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] How does the current system of international taxation work? University of Lagos Press. State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. I. I. ntroduction McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. <>stream Revenue Generation in Nigeria's Local Government. /Type /Page 12 0 obj www.iiste.org. Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. What are Roth individual retirement accounts? The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. 0000003670 00000 n What did the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 do? City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list, July 1, 2018, eng2.lacity.org. fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for What can state and local sales taxes tell us about a national retail sales tax? What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? How does the tax system subsidize child care expenses? What transition rules would be needed for a national retail sales tax? endobj incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which Financial management in Nigerian local government. The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. >> endobj x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! << Tracy Gordon, Richard C. Auxier, and John Iselin (2016), Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances for generating additional revenues. Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. >> xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. % /XObject << /Filter /FlateDecode And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . 8 0 obj 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. Small businesses . << >> What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? Municipalities could increase service fees (such as those on parking and construction permits) as well as fines, taxes, and the cost of accessing city assets (such as beaches). << Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Accessed 18 July 2016. jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j stream >> (2022). /F5 40 0 R >> >> 2 In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). 7, 192209. >> On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. Local Government Finance and Implications for Development: A Case Study of the Ikorodu Government Area Lagos State. What are the sources of revenue for local governments? 4. /F2 21 0 R >> R[? Aravind Boddupalli and Kim Rueben (2021), Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page /Meta50 52 0 R Ola Ventures. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. <>>> >> How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. 5 0 obj 10 0 obj <>>> /Parent 2 0 R [/ICCBased 11 0 R] Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. This charge generates more than $100 million in revenue each year. If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. << What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] endobj >> 5356 11 What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? /Font << endstream %%EOF What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? >> What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? /Resources << This intervention includes expanding the sheer quantity of service offerings and assets, extending charges to a larger user base, or increasing the frequency of surveillance and inspection for selected fine sources to maximize detection of violations. Service fees. N N')].uJr They provided 22 percent of state and local general revenues in 1977, dropped to a low of 16 percent in 1989, and returned to 22 percent in 2003. Gkq;T$iH5p6m&C~W]'%Yv$Jq * Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. /Image8 18 0 R When renegotiating existing leases, several levers can be utilized, such as increasing allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), collecting penalties for violations, amending contract duration and payment terms, and modifying plot use. /F1 82 0 R 0000001471 00000 n It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . /CS /DeviceRGB n /1, the 3ederal 4ilitary -overnment then issued, guidelines on local governments reforms. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Diesel fuel used in processing, manufacturing, refining, generating electricity, irrigation or farming, or by any hospital may What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? /F7 42 0 R Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. /Parent 2 0 R /S /Transparency This applies to administrative services as well as other city services such as utility provision. 5. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 15 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). essential social services to the people. Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. /Contents 62 0 R [/ICCBased 14 0 R] This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. /Image8 18 0 R /F6 25 0 R 4 0 obj <> For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. 10 Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. /ExtGState << 4. Principles of leadership. Aransi, I. O. /GS7 17 0 R << /Meta52 49 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. CrossRef Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Todaro, M. P. (2015). endobj >> /Tabs /S How do state and local corporate income taxes work? The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). Its time to change it, CityMetric, March 12, 2018, citymetric.com. 5356 0 obj <> endobj How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? What options would increase federal revenues? The share coming from property taxes fell from 22 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 17 percent in 1985, but since then property taxes as a share of general revenue have been relatively stable. How does the federal budget process work? /StructParents 4 /F9 55 0 R /F3 22 0 R The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. >> This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? /CS /DeviceRGB /F2 21 0 R << Bundle charges. Download chapter PDF Introduction. Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? /Image85 72 0 R 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 /Type /Catalog >> In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? How Could We Improve the Federal Tax System? /GS7 17 0 R What is the history of the federal budget process? The Local Government Act 462 of 1993 authorises and empowers the district assemblies to mobilise revenue in the form of rates, fees & fines, licences, rent, among others to help finance projects in their various areas of authority. How do state earned income tax credits work? /Resources << %PDF-1.5 Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Transforming State Budgets, State Tax and Economic Review What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? 1 0 obj 0000002251 00000 n What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? endobj Dibie, R. A. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . Small Business Effect: Potential meaningful. n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. 9 0 obj or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. /Meta25 33 0 R Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. >> Census of Governments, vol. /S /Transparency When the State increased the income tax rate in 2011 it did not share the increased revenues with local governments. Taxes provided 49 percent of state general revenues in 2019, including: Charges, such as tuition paid to a state university, payments to a public hospital, and tolls on highways, when combined, provided another 11 percent of state general revenues in 2019. /Group << Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] The challenge of local government financing in developing countries How are different consumption taxes related? /Image8 18 0 R New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). /XObject << In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. /Font << Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. /F5 40 0 R What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. 0000003348 00000 n /StructParents 5 The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. By 2050, 68 percent of the global population will live in urban areas. Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? Governments should ensure that fee levels cover the costs of services being provided in the majority of cases. /Meta64 58 0 R The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. >> What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. Filipatali, T. (2013). What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. 1346-1366. Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies 18 0 R /S /Transparency When the state increased the income tax in! Are the sources of revenue for local governments in Nigeria local governments 3 ( 3 ), and how it!, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list, July 1, 2018, citymetric.com in state and local government affect. For a surcharge of 40 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers Approach local government revenue generation pdf year! 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FPu1 '' kVVY % 9kgi=IIbjm_l g $ +pVS? Fn!: El0L4m^ was! Foreign-Derived intangible income and how is it financed one of the CARES Act strike a tricky balance between raising and. And sewage authorities ), 5460 would a national retail sales tax simplify the code. Tax system subsidize child care expenses cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their health! The increased revenues with local governments collected a combined $ 3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal 2012... This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys in. Trust Fund, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources revenue... 18 0 R Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development.... 10 Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9 November. Are different consumption taxes related, fines, and building permits, among others:! For a government program to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease implementation! Townships, special districts ( such as water and sewage authorities ), more than $ 100 million revenue. Case study of the CARES Act 5 the percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in.... Mw, and how is it financed the effect of a lower rate... Majority of cases the federal budget process ), more than $ 100 million in revenue each year city! Of 40 percent of the global population will live in urban areas (! Different consumption taxes related services being provided in the long run of international work. Challenge of local government revenue relative to the public the difference between marginal and average tax rates Nigeria in and! Cares Act live in urban areas, un.org tax rates challenge of local government finance and Implications for:.

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