They were also called the Tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica, probably from Metzliapn (Moon Lake), the mystical name for Lake Texcoco. N.p. Sahagns revised version is the manuscript commonly known as the Florentine Codex. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. Hassler believes the Spaniards invented the sacrifice stories. He died in 1568. Mjico, 1903. The following information for mapping the resource documents to the school curriculum isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish Curriculum for Excellence. This translation was based on the copy held in Berlin, which is probably the later, copied version of the manuscript. Carefully researched, much of the book is about the author's quest to learn more about Malinche. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. In the Aztec "Legend of the Five Suns", all the gods sacrificed themselves so that mankind could live.Some years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a body of the Franciscans confronted the remaining Aztec priesthood and demanded, under threat of death, that they desist from this traditional . We have wanted to see him for a long time, and now we have seen his face and heard his words. PDF. The Catholic Encyclopiedia. Search millions of free academic articles, chapters, and theses. The letter written by Hernan Corts gives students a first look at what Corts was thinking and his plan when arriving in Tenochtitla n. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. [My translation]. Corts, Hernn. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. However, their stay was temporary. A rather snippy critique of cultural studies approaches to history, but has an interesting chapter on some of the cultural studies approaches to the conquest of Mexico. Very useful for preparing overviews. 5. We allowed the Captain to return to the city in peace. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. Paris: G. Masson, 1880. From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. 4 vols. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications and the University of California Press, 1991. A French translation of the Cdice Florentine, which was useful for text but contained no illustrations. A French translation of Cortss letters to Charles V, which may have been based on the Spanish edition I used. Although the 1574 manuscript was published in 1632, long after its appearance in Spain, Daz del Castillo continued to revise his manuscript in the Americas up until the time he died in 1584. " Encounters in the New World: A History in Documents by Jill Lepore Call Number: E59.F53 E53 2000 ISBN: 0195154916 Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World by Miguel Leon-Portilla Call Number: Online - EBSCO Primary Source Reading: Aztec Accounts of the Conquest Introduction to the Source In 1519 Hernan Corts sailed from Cuba, landed in Mexico and made his way to the Aztec capital. N.p., n.p., 1890. "Teaching Art in the Context of Culture: A Study in the Borderlands,"Studies in Art Education: A Journal of Issues and Research. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. In carrying out his investigation, McCaa has done an interesting exegesis on the various primary sources on the conquest, which I used here. McCaa, Robert. [Not put on-line]. The Conquest of America. N.B. An ethnologist at the University of Zurich questions the evidence that suggests that the Mexicas sacrificed thousands of human beings in religious rituals. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Der Zeit (Switzerland). Only Daz del Castillos treats Mexico. The facts of its production raise serious questions about whether the manuscript represents the vision of the vanquished or of the colonizers. It also contains a facsimile of the Codice Aubin. Martins, 2000. Cortes Describes Tenochtitlan. Traditionally, Aztec human sacrifice has been understood as having a religious basis, in which a constant supply of humans were needed for sacrifice to the god of the sun. One needs to have at least some visual literacy as well as understand the conventions used in the Nahuas paintings. Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors . St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999. These images are quite different from those found in the Florentine Codex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Many of the friars educating, controlling, and indoctrinating New Spain villages, thus, encouraged the natives to paint. n.d. An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. Aztec tradition holds that the god Huitzilopochtli instructed them to depart again in search of a permanent home, the location of which would be revealed by the appearance of an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a serpent in its beak (an image that is memorialized on Mexicos national flag). I plan on using Hernan Cortes' "Second Letter to Emperor Charles V," which describes his exploits and capture of Montezuma II and the Aztec capital. When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? Historia de Tlaxcala. Coatlicue was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec, which translates to Serpent Mountain. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. A table of various estimates of indigenous population decline in New Spain during the sixteenth century. Is it true that you are the king Motecuhzoma?. by John Ingram Lockhart. Gordon, Helen H. Voice of the Vanquished: The Story of the Slave Marina and HernnCorts. Motolinas given name was Fray Toribio de Benavente. 36 (Summer 1995): 218-232. To view full articles, you will require membership. This packet includes 2 mini books, and several activities to learn about electricity, gasoline, batteries, the sun and wind. Microcard edition. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [See De la Cortina]. Seler, Eduard, ed. It was apparently held in private collections (of a French adventurer with a Mexican mother) that changed hands. Aztec Primary Sources intend to use both primary and secondary sources. Children could also complete the Aztec puzzles. The first is that the population of central Mexico in 1519 . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The four volumes reveal the friar's attempt to understand native culture, plants, medicine, and language by encouraging older men to draw in the traditional style of the Mexicas. This indigenous population is usually, but wrongly, referred to as the Aztecs. Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado ilustrado con estamas sacadas de los antiguos codices mexicanos y notas y noticias biograficas, criticas y arqueologicas. Sources, and Populations Embedded in the received story of the "Conquest of Mexico" are two questionable asser-tions. Thousands of historians have written about it from this questionable evidence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Lockhart, James. Most of these histories address one very simple question: how could a handful of Spaniards, even with their powerful and superior weapons, have defeated tens of thousands of indigenous peoples who lived in what the Spaniards themselves described as a very impressive, advanced civilization? Do the kings know the destiny of those they left behind, their posterity? La Rosa, Zhenja. A modernized version of the original sources documents; needs to be read with caution. The conquest of Mexico is clearly one of the pivotal events in world history. Explores issues of gender and sexuality in the conquest. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press, 1994. [See, Histoire de la nation mexicaine]. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. This searches internet sites for academic articles and books. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. My only complaint is that navigation on the site is not especially intuitive. Primary Sources . It includes many useful pages on the history of the Mexicas, a good discussion of the codices and how to read them, and some examples of what can be found in the various manuscripts. To avoid student confusion, I also standardized the spelling of names and places across sources even though they differed in the original documents. Mxico: Ediciones de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma, 1944. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. This document is also known as The Codex Aubin or The Manuscript of 1576. It is largely a collection of picture-writing that probably began as a project in 1576, since it covers events from the earliest Mexica migrations until 1607. By far the most important source from the Aztec/Mexica perspective is Fray Bernardino de Sahagn's General History of the Things of New Spain, . Peafiel, Antonio, ed.. Cantares en idioma mexicano. by Deke Dusinberre. The Conquistadores: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. "Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija.". Huitzilopochtli is born from Coatlicue in full armor. Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philolology. Mujeres en crnicas de la conquiesta: en Bernal Daz del Castillo y Garcilaso de la Vega. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Primary Sources Of Aztec Human Sacrifice. The codex richly illustrated many battles and encounters between the Spanish, the Mexicas, and other indigenous peoples. Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. Mxico: Biblioteca Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, 1987. Are there really rodents on the red planet? Colonial Latin America - Modern History Sourcebook. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. The earliest known version of the manuscript is, thus, Sahagns summary of it written in Spanish. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. This History primary resource assists with teaching the following Key Stage 2 History objective from the National Curriculum: This History primary resource assists with teaching the following Social Studies Second level objectives from the Scottish Curriculum for Excellence: Your comment will be checked and approved shortly. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa. For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. In short, many local languages were spoken in New Spain, but Nahuatl might have been the most common given the Mexicas previous colonization of the region. Many historians would accept only Don Hernn Cortss letters to King Charles V as genuine primary sources, since they were written by the Spanish conqueror in his native language at the time he was battling the Mexicas. [See Alvarado Tezozmoc, Fernando]. Most useful was the chapter on the historical iconography of Malintzin. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Microfilm. The original is housed in the Bibliothque National in Paris, France. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. Omissions? Are You Thinking of a Career in Secondary Schools? A copy of it is available in the Los Angeles County Public Library. Miguel LeonPortilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive. Poliantea. Useful in understanding the intrusion of Spanish values in supposedly indigenous sources. Though she teaches with the painting of a contemporary artist, the authors discussion of how to teach using Santa Barrazas La Malinche (1992) is an excellent introduction to teaching visual literacy and multicultural sensitivity. The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. It is one of the best accounts available on the power of images in constructing historical memories and historical amnesia. It appears that it was a Spanish publication for the Spanish, whereas earlier versions may have genuinely attempted to preserve the Nahuas historical memory regardless of their devastating critiques of Spanish actions. Quiroz, Bernardino de Jesus, trans. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Gruzinski, Serge. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. By entering your email address you agree to our. The Conquest and Exploitation of the Americas. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. You have come back to us; you have come down from the sky. There is nothing to fear.. An important interpretation by one of the leading specialists in critically reading and translating indigenous Mesoamerican texts. [Note of clarification: I am using the word Mexicas to refer to the people who controlled Tenochtitlan when the Spaniards arrived in 1519. Moreover, the first and fifth letters were lost until a French scholar found them in Vienna (sixteenth century Spain was part of the Hapsburg Empire) in the eighteenth century. [See below], Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. There are many images which accompany the text. "The Worlds of the Renaissance: Projects: Malinche: The Identity of an Indian Woman in the Conquest.". The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. [http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (6-14-2000)]. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. History of the Conquest of Mexico. Corts, Hernn. Berlin: Druck von Gebr. by George Folsom. One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era. (177) $4.00. The 1584 manuscript was not published until 1904, so most out of copyright copies of the book are based on the earlier 1576 version. With language understood as a primary mechanism of control in a war that had cultural obliteration as its goal, the opportunities for mistranslations and misunderstandings were enormous. One is housed in the Royal Library of Berlin; the other, in the Bibliothque National in Paris. English Translations of Nahuatl Words Used in the Codex. Paris: Fayard, 1990. London: J. Hatchard and Son, 1844. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people groups (Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Mayans, e.g.) Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. Back to the main History guide! A group of indigenous people, the Tlaxcalans, who allied with the Spanish and massacred many of the Mexicas themselves, produced eighty paintings published in the mid-sixteenth century in a manuscript called El Lienzo de Tlaxcala. [My translation]. An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. Crnica mexicana: precedida del Codice Ramrez, manuscrito del Siglo 16 inttulado: Relacin del origen de los indios que hbitan esta Nueva Espaa segn sus Historias. Believed to be the first document in Nahuatl rendered into alphabetic script. In summary, primary source materials for the reconstruction of the Mesoamerican concept of history may be divided as follows: pre-Conquest Codices, documents produced under Spanish Patronage, Native Colonial pictorial manuscripts, and Mixed Colonial pictorial and written documents. Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1955. To view full articles, you will require membership. Trans. And the king said: Yes, I am Motecuhzoma. Then he stood up to welcome Corts; he came forward, bowed his head low and addressed him in these words: Our lord, you are weary. Sixth Edition. The Spaniards believed language and evangelization were the keys to making the natives Spanish, in their understanding of the world. 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