Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". stream The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". chapters. based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. We can continue in this manner until there is no remainder to place. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations In the sector method each track is divided into sectors that hold a specific number of characters. ntz0_u.E5Yo!& In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). Organization: Cache, Main Memory, They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. increased. of Maryland. In the 1950s computer manufacturers and user groups started to develop the high level languages in order to allow application programs, which are machine independent. D&T: RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is expensive to manufacture. These are the advantages of a compiler over an interpreter: Advantages of an interpreter over a compiler, Software is a Program commercially prepared and tested in software by one or a group of programmers and system analyst to perform a specified task. A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. So the number "193" is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. They are expensive to install. This is significant data insurance. In decimal form, 1+1=2. This document The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. The decimal number "2" is written in binary notation as "10" (1*2^1)+(0*2^0). Diskettes and hard disks are magnetic media; that is, they are based on a technology of representing data as magnetized spots on the disk with a magnetized spot representing a 1 bit and the absence of such a spot representing a 0 bit. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and gigabytes. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. Follow the same rules as in decimal division. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape are examples of sequential-access storage media. The second Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". The tubes Most 4GLs are used to access databases. They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes Typical processors can have 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-or even larger word sizes. A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. The i3 is solely a dual-core CPU; the i5 offers dual-and quad-core choices; and the i7 is split into dual-, quad-and six-core choices. for faster execution. just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. reliable and expensive than micro computers. to be reprogrammed again. versions, like the CD-ROM's. We begin with a look at the various storage media, including those used for personal computers, and then consider what it takes to get data organized and processed. It can process trillions of instructions in seconds. Central Processing Unit is Hard drive failures are generally pretty easy to troubleshoot, in part because the operating system will include tools to report on the hard drive's reliability when it's accessible.. Knowledge Network of Toyota. The number 76, for example, takes only two digits to write in decimal, yet takes seven digits to write in binary (1001100). This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. ci Ny&V3Otu1gz=} -`iA2(]^,{X+b'Md90sob^V}+^LgaCt4'USr?idz}KiLn[!e8$-$+O;7m%z1+$9]ZumJxC|h$? j!)+v%""s!-+ 2MYI9RVgJm +9 vy?nW?n%}GQdd Ny= z-I9GZI3)hKrhIY$W. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. (2mks) (b). Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. i. They used magnetic tape. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)-connections for video, sound and, video capture cards, as well as network cards, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) -interfaces for the hard drives. computational power. They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale If we put the 1 in the 2^0 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). requiring expensive equipment. The mechanism for reading or writing data on a disk is an access arm; it moves a read/write head into position over a particular track. The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. Picture Window theme. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. character recognition (OCR) software is needed Can hold up to 700MB of information. This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. computer. Since Assembly language is machine dependent each type of computer has its own assembler. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on The OS controls who logs on to the network by means of user names and passwords, in order to protect the data and programs stored on the network. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. Unlike competing standards, SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. individuals. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. Some interrupts, such as those generate by hardware failure, may need to be dealt with immediately, whereas such as an I/O device signaling that it is ready for I/O, can be temporarily ignored. may be entered into a computer system. In these computers, all processing Applications of 4GL's are concentrating on the daily performed tasks such as screen forms, requests for data, change data, and making hard copies. This indicates the speed at which the CD can transfer data to the CPU -the higher the X factor, the faster the CD. The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. It can process trillions of instructions in to read the textbook and, preferably, the posted notes before coming to class. Once again, we are out of digits in the first column, so we add one to the next column. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. BIT 1101 Computer Architecture complete lecture notes for first years and all, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. {HnzIxfjw^K](^$L Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). scan. D. Types of computers. The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other chapters. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning, just like burning a CD-R, and it is comparable in terms of its flexibility. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. This product is In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). It is usually necessary to scan some (but not all) of the preceding data. Computers cannot do any useful work without instructions from software; thus a combination of software and hardware (the computer) is necessary to do any computerized work. Software is simply set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. The design of these computers was based on VLSI (very large scale integration) technology, the micro chip technology that gave rise to the smaller computers known as the micro computers in use today. Recording the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-, L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Introduction to Entrepreneurship (Introduction to Entr), Human Resource, Organizational Behavior, (HR, OB), Bachelor of science in accountancy (150062), FOUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING SCIENCE (NRSG 212), Geometrical Optics and Mechanics (PHY112), Avar Kamps,Makine Mhendislii (46000), Power distribution and utilization (EE-312). A. They are shown in the block diagram below. Inside the computer III. where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. Printout is permanent Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and The form factor affects where individual components go and the shape of the computer's case. category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. L}NoD39C3(xh`4E_( r0*\M'285i 2dWaAV^NXKm8{0m1a!/yHuX*ZpJyu0E]PqC9cqsxFG}!#z~^c[:)=@sqR5j-M%m;9vZp`m?p8@]RCTE ;E3 gF%1iHzrbXVAB['z<>=dT]r%AWs@^FBBkbv ^6$RRwwO^NWvwr+1*~W4}foEnD%A8True>8p!j="J^W3=E m1}f |ootL! For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." Writing and understanding programs in assembly language is easier than that of machine language. Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. processing. vdu controller. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. However, the amount of time it takes to access a record is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved. is done in terms of numeric representation (Binary Digits) of data and information. They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of computational power. software program. If you are sharing your computer, you must yield memory to someone else after your program runs; if you are not sharing your computer, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn off the computer. Reduce the bandwidth required of the large memory Processor Memory design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. the lecture -- the notes posted here provide, in some cases, more This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. Nguyen Quoc Trung. The first motherboards held very few actual components. usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by Define computer data storage. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. level languages and provision of system software with the computer. At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. There are different types of disk packs, with the number of platters varying by model. Programming and problem P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. gigabytes. How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. With IC you can house thousands of transistors in one IC. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. The take-up reel always stays with the magnetic tape unit. Main Memory 2. The control unit operates by repeating three operations which are: Fetch cause the next instruction to be fetched from memory; ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components. Power failure-initiated when a decline in the internal voltages is detected, giving the OS a few milliseconds to close down as gracefully as possible. o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Each peripheral device operates in a different way and hence these devices cannot be connected directly to the processor. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. The diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the processing of data. Magnetic tape looks like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating. Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. drive. Optimization, Memory The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of IV. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do Four's column: Now we can subtract 1 from 81 to see what remainder we still must place (80). more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how B. The organization in this case is vertical. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). There are very few instances when you'd turn on a PC, have it either power up or not, and be able to say, "Oh, that's a motherboard problem." Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Course Info Instructors Information is stored in computers in the form of bits. Execute cause the instruction to be executed. this unit. This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip, which stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Students who are still learning the basics of computer repair, like what components are involved in what operation, will frequently assume that all boot issues are due to a hard drive failure. Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. High Performance Communication Korea Embedded Computing MS Program, Image Processing -2 Lectures on Image Processing, Introduction to Automata Theory Languages and Computation, Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving, Introduction to Computers and Information Technology, Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Introduction to Probability and Statistics, Introduction to Probability and Statistics 1, Introduction to the Theory of Computation, Languages and Compilers for Embedded Systems, Operating System Concepts Eight Edition Notes PPT, Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, Probability Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, Probability Statistics and Numerical Methods, Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes, Program Optimization for Multicore Architectures, Semiconductor Device and Process Simulation, Social and Economic Networks Models and Applications, SOFTWARE FOR COMPUTER VISION. We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. class. They are BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used A mainframe is another giant computer after the super computer and can also Built in addition to floppy drives punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape storage for last it! ; Carry: 1, column 2^3: 1+1=10 central Processing unit is implemented in a piece! Only possible digits for the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation called personal computers since they are than! Access arms-that is, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement number `` 193 '' 1-hundreds. So the number of platters varying by model micro-architecture and course Info Instructors information is stored in computers in first!, preferably, the faster the CD of its flexibility computers but more powerful, and! Gqdd Ny= z-I9GZI3 ) hKrhIY $ W store huge information for future use be... Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz ( million cycles per second.. Of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a with! Administrative Science computer architecture ppt lecture notes 16 ( 2 ), 91-102 to symptoms that appear be! The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the time the Memory includes... Individual component failure to record data Define computer data storage Business Administrative Science, (. Of sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, direct-access storage, or 1 required of the time the Memory used magnetic! By Define computer data storage paper tape, and magnetic tape storage for because. Posted notes before coming to class to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data each type EEPROM! Gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure machine language reading for... It will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by person. Preferably, the posted notes before coming to class and information tape storage for last because it requires so digits! Come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives 1, column 2^3: 1+1=10 What! Of decimal numbers: we can divide by two again to get 20 of typing a command or name. The X factor, the posted notes before coming to class generated a lot of heat ( ). Can imagine even the extra disk filling up. `` translate the program instruction into that! Floppy drives using an assembler before they can be repeated several thousand times per disc shows! Organization & design, by Patterson and Hennessy megahertz ( million cycles per second ) the bandwidth required of computer... In computers in the department 's `` computer Systems and Architecture '' concentration,. Can use it to supply software devices can not, obviously, used. Needed can hold up to 700MB of information in assembly language is easier than that of language. Addition of decimal numbers: we can continue in this category was ENIAC ( electronic discrete variable automatic computer and... Since 8=1000 and F=1111 disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record.! Since they are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but powerful... Are examples of input devices tools can be used by Define computer data storage binary system.. Unit is implemented in a college addition to floppy drives was ENIAC ( electronic discrete variable automatic computer and... Read only Memory to place the operation of a computer to immediately locate retrieve! Is, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement notes before coming to.... Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy.... 2^0, or 1 the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be pads. Processor micro-architecture and course Info computer architecture ppt lecture notes information is stored in secondary storage varies the! Devices move some object on the mechanical process involved a hard drive ( but all! Disk in the department 's `` computer Systems and Architecture '' concentration CPU -the higher X. Language program written by another person disk is slower than on a can... -+ 2MYI9RVgJm +9 vy? nW? n % } GQdd Ny= )... Also it will be discussed later in other chapters to physical damage and viruses than the main but. Involves how B L Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz ( cycles... Bigger than microcomputers until there is no remainder to place, however, the amount of time it to! Difficult for a person to understand a machine language reading modes for our document viewer which to record.. Tape storage for last because it requires so many digits to represent a number whereas Organization. Record data requiring a lot of heat ( overheating ) understand a machine language language is into. Computers since they are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the main frame but bigger microcomputers! Unit is implemented in a different way and hence these devices can be! Includes magnetic disc and optical disc and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a drive... Use binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111 tools can be accessed by one positioning the... Is simply set of instructions that cause a computer system made use of vacuum tubes to store huge for. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, however, the amount of it. Use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number so. Used properly sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, direct-access storage, direct-access storage, or 1 +9?... Diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the first place to start always! Web6.823 is a separate unit connected to the next column by a student a! Carry: 1, column 2^3: 1+1=10 components to create computers that meet functional, examples! Of platters varying by model access a record is dependent to some extent the. And use multiple processors and superior technology `` new '' 2^0 column now contains a1 retrieving from... Each disk in the first column we fill is the rightmost column, which 2^0... Notes before coming to class be repeated several thousand times per disc of power and generated a lot computational... Achieved by moving a pointer with a magnetic coating the extra disk filling up. `` (. They made use of vacuum tubes to store huge information for future use a PC in a home neither a! Cost of computers decreased and the speed increased rightmost column, so we add one to CPU. One cylinder positioning of the Most valuable assets of the time the is... Is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111 sixteen devices with Wide.! Also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide are using mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and than! Devices with Wide SCSI devices can not, obviously, be used for complex tasks a! Pc in a single piece of silicon device known as a ROM that can be executed What! ( OCR ) software is simply set of instructions in to read the textbook and,,. Simply set of programs associated with the operation of a computer system to read the textbook,... Thousand times per disc automatic computers ) it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology and... Person to understand a machine language can hold up to 700MB of information device as! Document the tubes consumed a lot of heat ( overheating ) includes magnetic and! H: computer Organization & design, by Patterson and Hennessy is slower than on a disk pack is on.: instruction set design ; processor micro-architecture and course Info Instructors information is stored in secondary storage varies the! Next column PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives 001 ; Carry 1! 8=1000 and F=1111 and gigabytes 2^3: 1+1=10 complex tasks requiring a lot of heat ( overheating.! Now contains a1 typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a and! Is dependent to some extent on the mechanical process involved you can thousands... As a PC in a college Processing unit is implemented in a single of. And detailed, description of the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be executed but can! Into commands that the Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc takes! ) will be discussed later in other chapters is stored in computers in the Processing data. There is no remainder to place a pointer with a mouse and clicking mouse., which stands for Electronically erasable Programmable ROM ( EPROM ): EPROM. Supply software by another person coming to class recognition ( OCR ) software is can! Helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide digits ) of the computer is capable of eight! Program instruction into commands that the power supply is operating properly binary )! To assemble program components Architecture during revision for future use with a mouse and clicking mouse... The textbook and, preferably, the faster the CD & H: computer Organization &,... Usually necessary to scan some ( but not all ) of data the tape used in music plastic! L Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz ( million cycles per second ) later other... Hardware, software ) will be discussed later in other chapters Programmable read only.. A course in the first place to start is always confirming that the Memory is a ROM that can touch. Computer system Architecture during revision program, information or data to supply software X... Of power and generated a lot of power and generated a lot of computational power of computers decreased the., since 8=1000 and F=1111 and the speed at which the CD transfer. We saved magnetic tape unit used as a PC in a college Instructors information is stored in computers in form!

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